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Soil science is the interdisciplinary study of soil as a natural resource at Earth's surface. Its scope includes soil formation, classification, mapping, and the physical, chemical, biological, and fertility properties of soils, as well as how these properties affect soil use and management. The field draws on knowledge from geology, biology, chemistry, ecology, agronomy, geography, engineering, hydrology, and environmental science. The discipline has two principal branches: pedology, which examines soils in their natural settings and development, and edaphology, which focuses on soils in relation to plant growth and human uses. Modern soil science also addresses climate change, greenhouse-gas emissions, carbon sequestration, biodiversity, land degradation, water quality, sustainable productivity, waste treatment, restoration, and digital soil mapping. Its applications range from agricultural management and soil surveys to environmental protection, hydrology, archaeological interpretation, and the conservation of land resources.
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