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Special relativity is founded on two postulates proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905. First, the laws of physics are identical in all inertial reference frames, meaning observers moving at constant velocities relative to one another should describe physical laws in the same way. This principle rejects the idea of an absolute state of rest and extends Galileo’s principle of relativity to all physical laws, including electromagnetism. Second, the speed of light in a vacuum is constant for all observers, regardless of the motion of the light source or the observer. These postulates require space and time to be understood together as spacetime and lead to effects such as time dilation, length contraction, the relativity of simultaneity, and Lorentz transformations. They also establish the speed of light as the maximum speed for information and provide the foundation for results such as mass–energy equivalence.
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