States of matter and phase transitions

State of matter definition

In physics, a state of matter (or phase of matter) is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist. The classical states—solid, liquid, gas, and plasma—are distinguished by how particles (atoms, molecules, ions, and electrons) are arranged and how they behave collectively. Solids have tightly packed particles that vibrate in fixed positions, giving a definite shape and volume. Liquids keep a nearly constant volume but take the shape of their container because particles can move past one another. Gases have particles far apart that move freely, so they expand to fill both the shape and volume of their container. Plasma resembles a gas but includes charged particles (ions and free electrons) that respond strongly to electric and magnetic fields. A state of matter is also characterized by phase transitions, which involve abrupt changes in structure and properties as conditions such as temperature and pressure change. While the term “phase” is sometimes used like a synonym for “state of matter,” a single state can contain multiple phases (e.g., different solid phases of ice with different crystal structures). Beyond the classical states, many non-classical and exotic states exist, including liquid crystals (intermediate between liquids and ordered solids), magnetic ordering states (based on aligned or disordered magnetic moments), and extreme-condition states such as Bose–Einstein condensates (near absolute zero), neutron-degenerate matter (extreme density), and quark–gluon plasma (extremely high energy).

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Classical states: solid, liquid, gas, plasma

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