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A thermodynamic system is the defined part of the universe being studied; the surroundings include everything outside the system.
A thermodynamic system is a precisely defined region of the universe selected for study, while everything outside it is called the surroundings. The system may exchange energy, matter, or both with its surroundings, depending on its boundaries and classification. Energy can cross the boundary as heat, work, or through the transfer of matter, while the system's state is described by macroscopic properties such as temperature, pressure, volume, internal energy, and entropy. The interaction between a system and its surroundings determines how the system changes and whether it can reach equilibrium. Boundaries may be real or imaginary, fixed or movable, and permeable or impermeable. Thermodynamic reservoirs are special surroundings large enough that contact with a system does not significantly change their own state; examples include the atmosphere as a pressure reservoir and the ocean as a temperature reservoir. These concepts provide the foundation for analyzing engines, chemical reactions, phase changes, and other thermodynamic processes.
A thermodynamic system is the defined part of the universe being studied; the surroundings include everything outside the system.
Energy may cross a system boundary as heat, work, or through the transfer of matter.
System boundaries determine whether a system can exchange matter and energy with its surroundings.
The state of a system is described using macroscopic properties such as temperature, pressure, volume, internal energy, and entropy.
A thermodynamic reservoir is a sufficiently large system whose state remains essentially unchanged when it interacts with the system under study.
A precisely defined region of the universe selected for thermodynamic analysis.
Everything outside the thermodynamic system that may interact with it.
The real or imaginary surface separating a system from its surroundings.
A system that can exchange both matter and energy with its surroundings.
A system that can exchange energy but not matter with its surroundings.
A system that exchanges neither matter nor energy with its surroundings.
A system so large that interaction with another system produces no appreciable change in its state.
A state in which a system has no unbalanced driving forces or net macroscopic flows.
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