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Democracy is a form of government in which political power is vested in the people (the population) of a state. Under a minimalist definition, democracy centers on rulers being chosen through competitive elections. More expansive (maximalist) definitions add that democracy also requires protections for civil liberties and human rights, not only elections. Democracy can be practiced directly or representatively. In direct democracy, the people deliberate and decide legislation themselves; in representative democracy, citizens elect officials to make decisions on their behalf. Over time, the meaning of “the people” and how authority is shared or delegated has varied across countries, and democratic citizenship has often expanded from restricted groups to broader adult populations. Core democratic principles commonly include political equality and legal equality, free and fair participation (such as voting rights), consent of the governed, and rule of law. Many democratic systems also emphasize freedoms such as assembly, association, religion, and speech, along with protections for minority rights to prevent oppression by majority rule (the “tyranny of the majority”).
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