Definition and core feature of diabetes

Summary

Diabetes mellitus (commonly called diabetes) is a group of endocrine diseases defined by sustained high blood sugar levels. It progresses over time and is caused either by reduced production of the hormone insulin by the pancreas or by the body’s failure to respond properly to insulin (insulin resistance). A core feature of diabetes is impaired regulation of glucose uptake and storage in the body, which leads to glucose remaining in the bloodstream. Classic symptoms reflect this imbalance and include the “three Ps”: polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria (excessive urination), and polyphagia (excessive hunger), often accompanied by weight loss and blurred vision. If untreated, diabetes can damage blood vessels and lead to serious complications affecting the cardiovascular system, eyes, kidneys, nerves, and other organs.

Key Points

• 1

  Diabetes mellitus is characterized by sustained high blood sugar due to insufficient insulin production and/or insulin resistance.

• 2

  The core problem is impaired glucose regulation, causing glucose to remain in the bloodstream instead of being taken up by cells.

• 3

  Classic symptoms include the three Ps: excessive thirst, frequent urination, and excessive hunger, often with weight loss and blurred vision.

• 4

  Untreated diabetes can lead to major long-term complications, including cardiovascular disease and damage to eyes, kidneys, and nerves.