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The Vikings originated among the North Germanic peoples of Scandinavia, corresponding mainly to present-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. During the late 8th to mid-11th centuries, Scandinavian communities developed into highly skilled seafarers, traders, raiders, settlers, and explorers. Although the term “Viking” often refers broadly to people living in Scandinavia during this period, it originally described maritime activity such as raiding or voyaging rather than a distinct ethnic group. Viking society emerged from smaller Scandinavian kingdoms that gradually consolidated into Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. Most people were farmers, fishers, craftspeople, and merchants, while others participated in overseas expeditions. They spoke Old Norse, used runes, followed the Old Norse religion before gradually converting to Christianity, and shared related cultural traditions. Their expansion was enabled by advanced longships and navigational skills, allowing them to establish connections and settlements across Europe and the North Atlantic while also bringing foreign people, goods, and cultural influences back to Scandinavia.
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