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Sleep is a naturally recurring state of reduced mental and physical activity in which consciousness is altered, sensory responsiveness decreases, and interaction with the environment is limited. Unlike coma or other disorders of consciousness, sleep involves active and organized brain activity. It alternates between non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which typically cycle every 90 minutes several times during the night. Sleep supports essential restorative and regulatory functions. During sleep, the body repairs and maintains the immune, nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems, while the brain consolidates memory, supports mood and cognitive performance, restores energy stores, and clears metabolic waste products. Sleep timing is regulated by the circadian clock, which responds mainly to light and darkness, and by homeostatic sleep pressure, which increases the longer a person remains awake.
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