Aztec Empire: origins, rule, and conquest

Etymology and modern definitions

In modern scholarship, the term “Aztec” is used for both the people and the Triple Alliance/empire, but the people themselves did not use “Aztec” as a self-designation. Instead, “Aztec” has been applied in different ways: to the Aztecs as a whole, to the Nahuatl-speaking peoples of central Mexico before the Spanish conquest, or more specifically to the Mexica ethnicity. The word is derived from the singular Nahuatl form aztecatl, meaning “people from Aztlan,” referring to a mythical origin place for Nahua peoples. The empire’s modern label contrasts with how its core political reality is described: it was fundamentally an alliance of three Nahuatl city-states—Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Tetzcoco, and Tlacopan—ruling from 1428 to 1521. Over time, Tenochtitlan became dominant, and by the time the Spanish arrived (1519) the alliance’s lands were effectively governed from Tenochtitlan, with other partners taking more subsidiary roles. This hegemonic arrangement is often described as “hegemonic” or “indirect” rule, where conquered cities kept local rulers as long as they paid tribute and supported Aztec military needs.

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Before the Aztec Empire

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