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Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants (and other photosynthetic organisms) convert light energy into chemical energy stored in food molecules. Using sunlight, water absorbed by roots, and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, plant cells containing chlorophyll produce glucose (and starch) while releasing oxygen. In this way, photosynthesis provides the energy and building materials needed for growth, reproduction, and cellular respiration. The conversion of light energy to chemical energy happens in two main phases. In the light-dependent reactions, sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll in chloroplasts splits water (photolysis), producing oxygen as a waste product and generating energy carriers such as ATP and NADPH. In the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle), carbon dioxide is used along with ATP and NADPH to build sugars like glucose, which can then be transported around the plant. Photosynthesis rate depends on factors such as light intensity, carbon dioxide availability, and temperature, since enzymes involved work best at optimum conditions.
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Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water absorbed by plant roots as its main raw materials. In the presence of light and chlorophyll, these inputs are converted into glucose and oxygen in the chloroplasts of green plant cells. The overall equation is: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. Carbon dioxide enters leaves through stomata, while water is transported from the roots to the leaves. Light-dependent reactions split water and release oxygen as a by-product. The resulting energy-rich substances help the Calvin cycle use carbon dioxide to produce glucose. Glucose is used in respiration, stored as starch, or converted into substances such as cellulose, fats, and amino acids.
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