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Uncontrolled cell growth and tumor invasion describe how cancer develops when cells proliferate without proper regulation and form malignant tumors. These malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues and, through metastasis, spread to other parts of the body. This distinguishes cancer from benign tumors, which do not spread. Tumor invasion and spread occur through a stepwise process that includes local invasion, entry of cancer cells into blood or lymphatic vessels (intravasation), circulation, exit into new tissues (extravasation), proliferation, and angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels). Metastasis is common in later stages and is a major reason most cancer deaths occur, with frequent metastatic sites including the lungs, liver, brain, and bones.
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