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The mind–body problem asks how mental states and conscious experiences relate to bodily and neural processes.
Philosophy of mind examines the nature of the mind, consciousness, mental states, cognition, and the relationship between mind, body, brain, and the external world. Its central issue is the mind–body problem: how subjective experiences, thoughts, beliefs, and desires can arise from or interact with physical processes in the brain. Related questions include the hard problem of consciousness, the nature of qualia, intentionality, mental causation, and whether mental properties can be fully explained scientifically. The main positions include dualism, which treats the mental and physical as distinct in some respect, and monism, which regards them as aspects of a single reality. Dualism includes substance dualism, property dualism, interactionism, parallelism, occasionalism, and emergent approaches. Monist positions include physicalism, idealism, neutral monism, dual-aspect theory, functionalism, behaviorism, and panpsychism. Contemporary philosophers commonly defend reductive or non-reductive physicalism, while ongoing developments in neuroscience, artificial intelligence, psychology, and cognitive science continue to investigate how consciousness and mental properties relate to the brain.
The mind–body problem asks how mental states and conscious experiences relate to bodily and neural processes.
Dualism distinguishes the mind from the physical body, while monism treats mind and body as one substance, one reality, or different aspects of an underlying substance.
Physicalism is the dominant modern approach, but philosophers disagree about whether mental properties can be reduced to physical explanations or merely depend on them.
Consciousness, qualia, intentionality, mental causation, and the explanatory gap remain unresolved central issues.
Philosophy of mind influences and is influenced by neuroscience, psychology, artificial intelligence, evolutionary theory, and cognitive science.
The philosophical problem of explaining the relationship between mental states or processes and physical states or processes.
The view that mind and matter are distinct in some fundamental respect.
The view that reality ultimately consists of one kind of substance or one unified ontological basis.
The view that everything that exists, including mental phenomena, is physical or dependent on the physical world.
The subjective or phenomenal qualities of experience, such as what it feels like to see red or feel pain.
The state or capacity involving subjective awareness, experience, and mental presence.
The view that there is one physical kind of substance but two fundamentally different kinds of properties, physical and mental.
The theory that mental states are defined by their functional roles and causal relationships rather than by their physical composition.
The position that mental properties depend on physical properties but cannot be completely reduced to physical descriptions.
The view that mentality or experience is a fundamental and widespread feature of matter.
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