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Electromagnetism is the fundamental interaction between electrically charged particles through electric and magnetic fields. It unifies electricity, magnetism, and optics and is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. Electromagnetic forces have unlimited range and govern atomic structure, molecular bonding, chemical reactions, and many everyday forces between materials. The interaction of charges and currents is described by electromagnetic fields, while the force on a moving charge is given by the Lorentz force, F = q(E + v × B). The subject includes electrostatics, which studies stationary charges; magnetostatics, which examines steady currents and magnetic fields; and electrodynamics, which concerns changing electric and magnetic fields. Maxwell's equations provide the classical mathematical framework and show that changing electric and magnetic fields can propagate as electromagnetic waves, including radio waves, visible light, X-rays, and gamma rays. Special relativity established that electric and magnetic fields are aspects of the same phenomenon, while quantum electrodynamics describes electromagnetic interactions in terms of photons. Electromagnetism underlies technologies such as electric power systems, motors, electronics, communications, sensors, fiber optics, and semiconductor devices.
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