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In chemistry, a solution is defined (per IUPAC) as a liquid or solid phase containing more than one substance in which one component is treated as the solvent and the others are solutes. Typically, the solute mole fractions are small enough that the mixture is considered dilute. A key related concept is concentration, which describes the amount of solute present in a given amount of solution or solvent. When water is the solvent, the solution is called an aqueous solution. Solutions can be classified by the physical state of the solvent: gaseous solutions (e.g., gases dissolved in gases like oxygen in nitrogen), liquid solutions (e.g., gases, liquids, or solids dissolved in liquids such as oxygen in water or sugar in water), and solid solutions (e.g., gases in metals, liquids in solids forming amalgams, or solids dissolved in solids such as alloys). The ability of one compound to dissolve in another is solubility, and solutions can be miscible or immiscible depending on whether components mix. Solution properties such as melting and boiling points change upon mixing and are described by colligative properties, while concentration can be quantified using measures like molarity, mole fraction, and volume fraction.
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