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Free will is generally understood as the capacity to (a) choose between different possible courses of action, (b) exercise control over one’s actions in a way that is relevant to moral responsibility, or (c) be the ultimate source/originator of one’s actions. It is closely tied to ideas of moral responsibility and judgments such as praise, blame, and culpability, which are typically thought to apply only to actions that are freely chosen. Free will is also connected to practical notions like deliberation, advice, persuasion, and prohibition. Debates about free will focus on whether and how it can coexist with constraints such as physical determinism, divine foreknowledge, and other forms of determinism. Some philosophers hold that free will requires choices that are not determined by past events (libertarian views), while others argue that determinism is compatible with free will (compatibilist views). Incompatibilism is the view that free will and determinism cannot both be true, and it includes positions such as metaphysical libertarianism (determinism is false) and hard determinism/hard incompatibilism (determinism is true, so free will is not possible). Compatibilists instead maintain that free will can exist even if determinism is true, often redefining free will in terms of freedom from coercion, psychological responsiveness to reasons, or the ability to act according to one’s preferences.
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