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Special relativity is built on two core postulates: (1) the laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames (frames moving at constant velocity relative to each other), and (2) the speed of light in vacuum is constant for all observers, regardless of the motion of the light source or the observer. Together, these assumptions replace the Newtonian idea of absolute time and absolute simultaneity with a framework where measurements depend on relative motion. From these postulates, the Lorentz transformation follows, leading to experimentally verified consequences such as time dilation, length contraction, and the relativity of simultaneity (events simultaneous in one inertial frame may not be simultaneous in another). The theory also implies that the speed of light is the maximum signal speed, affecting how causality works and how spacetime is described using Lorentzian geometry and an invariant spacetime interval.
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