Photosynthesis: reactions, conditions, and evolution

Photosynthesis purpose: light energy to chemical energy

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants (and other photosynthetic organisms) convert light energy into chemical energy stored in food molecules. Using sunlight, water absorbed by roots, and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, plant cells containing chlorophyll produce glucose (and starch) while releasing oxygen. In this way, photosynthesis provides the energy and building materials needed for growth, reproduction, and cellular respiration. The conversion of light energy to chemical energy happens in two main phases. In the light-dependent reactions, sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll in chloroplasts splits water (photolysis), producing oxygen as a waste product and generating energy carriers such as ATP and NADPH. In the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle), carbon dioxide is used along with ATP and NADPH to build sugars like glucose, which can then be transported around the plant. Photosynthesis rate depends on factors such as light intensity, carbon dioxide availability, and temperature, since enzymes involved work best at optimum conditions.

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Inputs and outputs: carbon dioxide, water, glucose, oxygen

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