Understanding Diabetes Mellitus

Definition and core feature of diabetes

Diabetes mellitus (commonly called diabetes) is a group of endocrine diseases defined by sustained high blood sugar levels. It progresses over time and is caused either by reduced production of the hormone insulin by the pancreas or by the body’s failure to respond properly to insulin (insulin resistance). A core feature of diabetes is impaired regulation of glucose uptake and storage in the body, which leads to glucose remaining in the bloodstream. Classic symptoms reflect this imbalance and include the “three Ps”: polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria (excessive urination), and polyphagia (excessive hunger), often accompanied by weight loss and blurred vision. If untreated, diabetes can damage blood vessels and lead to serious complications affecting the cardiovascular system, eyes, kidneys, nerves, and other organs.

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Insulin deficiency versus insulin resistance

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