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An electric battery is a power source made of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections used to supply electrical energy to devices. When operating, the battery’s positive terminal is the cathode and the negative terminal is the anode; the negative terminal is the source of electrons. Connecting the battery to a load drives electron flow through the external circuit while internal redox reactions convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Historically, “battery” referred to devices made from multiple cells, but modern usage includes single-cell devices. Batteries are commonly grouped by how they can be used: primary batteries are single-use and cannot be recharged because their chemical reactions are not reversible, while secondary batteries are rechargeable because applying current reverses the discharge reactions and restores the electrode materials. Batteries vary widely in size and application, from small cells for portable electronics to large battery banks for standby or emergency power.
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