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World War I was a global conflict fought from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918 between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. Its underlying causes included rival alliances, imperial competition, nationalism, militarism, an arms race, and instability in the Balkans. The immediate trigger was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, setting off a chain reaction involving Russia, Germany, France, Britain, and Belgium. The war developed into a prolonged conflict characterized by trench warfare on the Western Front, more mobile fighting on the Eastern Front, and major campaigns in the Balkans, the Middle East, and elsewhere. New technologies such as machine guns, artillery, aircraft, tanks, and chemical weapons increased its destructiveness. The United States joined the Allies in 1917, while revolutionary Russia withdrew after the Bolshevik Revolution. Allied offensives in 1918 caused the collapse of the Central Powers, leading to the armistice of 11 November 1918. The war caused approximately 15–22 million deaths, contributed to the spread of the Spanish flu, destroyed four major empires, reshaped national boundaries, and led to the Treaty of Versailles and the creation of the League of Nations.
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